Berkeleys Water Experiment :: Science Illusions Argument Papers

Berkeley introduces his water experiment in order to demonstrate that in perception the perceiver does not reach the world itself but is confined to a realm of representations or sense data. We will attempt to demonstrate that Berkeley's description of our experience at the end of the water experiment is inauthentic, that it is not so much a description of an experience as a reconstruction of what we would experience if the receptor organs (the left and right hands) were objects existing in a space partes extra partes. Our argument is that there is nothing in our experience of the illusion to suggest that under normal conditions perception does not reach the world itself. Traditionally Empiricists claim that all knowledge and all basic concepts are derived from experience. At the same time they argue that all experience is reducible to private entities, the so-called 'sense data'. Phenomenologists claim that there is nothing in experience itself to suggest that it is reducible to sense data, and that this doctrine is derived from metaphysical prejudices, the so-called 'assumptions of the natural attitude'. They argue that if we could in some way 'bracket' these assumptions and reflect only on our experience of perceiving and on the results of scientific measurements of our perceptual powers, we would discover that perception, rather than presenting us with private entities or 'data', 'opens up' to the world itself. (1) In A New Theory of Vision, Berkeley attempts to show that all experience is reducible to sense data by exploiting two types of argument. At times he exploits a scientific account of perception and of the functioning of the perceptual organs, while at other times he uses the argument from illusions. For example, he argues, that the experience of temperature can be understood with the analogy of the experience of pain, and just as the pain is not 'in the needle', so the warmth I feel is not in the fire. (2) He then argues in a similar vein that visual experience is reducible to collections of colour sensations because light passes into the eye ball and strikes the retina, in much the same way that a sharp object striking the skin produces a sensation of pain, such as a sensation of blue or red. (3) The sensation being the effect of the physical and chemical properties of the world on the sense organs and is as distinct from the world as photographic images are from the objects which cause them.

A brief history of shia muslims

It is a fact that Muslims all over the world are divided in two large groups -Shias and Sunnis. They have strong differences in political and religious views.Though they share the same Quran and Hadith but their interpretation of Islam has very few things in common (Lucas, 2008). That is why they have been at logger-heads throughout Islamic History. Both claim to be the righteous one and regard another one as strayed away from the right path.Shia literally means group or comrade. And Shias were originally those people who were with Hazrat Ali and were normally called as Shia-e-Ali, i.e., comrades of Ali or his companions. Later on ‘Ali’ was dropped and they are now only called Shias.It is interesting to know their history. How they came to existence is a good point to start from. When the Prophet (pbuh) passed away the question of his successor rose and each group among Muslims claimed his right to form the government.Ansars (Muslims of Medina) and Mohajireen (Muslims of Mecca who had migrated to Medina) were strong claimers but the matter was sorted out amicably when somebody from the righteous companions narrated one Hadith in favor of Mohajireen (Lucas, 2008). As a result Hazrat Abu-Bakr was made the Caliph.When he was on his death bed, he appointed Hazrat Umar as his successor and he ruled for ten years without any dissent. When he was fatally wounded and people lost their hope of his recovery, they asked him to appoint his successor following the toe of his predecessor. Initially, he declined but when they insisted too much he suggested six names including the names of Hazrat Usman and Hazrat Ali.Majority of Muslims preferred Hazrat Usman to Hazrat Ali and ultimately he was made the Caliph. He ruled for twelve years but in the last phase of his tenure, he was accused of nepotism.Actually, there was a Jew named Abdullah Ben Saba. He had a long grudge against Muslims due to several reasons. He could not tolerate it that Muslims prospered and dev eloped in such a short span of time. It was beyond his patience that Islam had been spreading so rapidly.But he was shrewd enough to realize the fact that he was incapable of fighting Muslims who were the most powerful in the world then. So he put upon himself the guise of a Muslim and came to Iraq among Muslims who had just converted to Islam and were quite unaware of the fact that Islam abolishes every claim on the ground of birth, caste, race and kinship. It doesn’t buy the argument that a ruler’s son should be made the ruler when his father dies though he may be bereft of the qualities of a ruler.These ideas were not known to these new comers in the fold of Islam. They were familiar with the ways of their old monarchs who followed the general rule of hierarchy in which the son automatically occupied the throne of his father when he passed away. In the absence of a son the close relative was crowned.Therefore when Abdullah Ben Saba came to them and said that very gr ave injustice has been done to Hazrat Ali as his caliphate has been usurped by others, they were easily convinced. They thought it their bound duty to stand for Hazrat Ali and provide him with his due right.Abdullah Ben Saba had hatched a very dangerous conspiracy. He never touched the Muslims of Mecca or Medina as he was fully aware that they will easily find out him as a bloody conspirator and will reject his wrong ideas. So he chose the soil of Egypt and Iraq for the propagation of his hierarchal ideas. Muslims of these places were new converts and were therefore easily deceived.In a nutshell, Abdullah Ben Saba spread his snare with too much care. He managed to spread rumors against Hazrat Usman. He got people write letters from Iraq to Egypt and Egypt to Iraq and from different parts of the Islamic Empire to Medina spreading the rumors that the Muslims of those places were suffering from different problems due to the inefficient rule of Hazrat Usman.People were aghast with these news. They strongly suspected that Hazrat Usman was not dealing with problems properly. A committee was formed which looked into the alleged problems. It found all the charges baseless and pointed that there were a few mischievous people in those province who wrote all these letters aiming at disrupting the rule and order of the Islamic Empire.But being very lenient Hazrat Usman let all these miscreants scot free and did nothing against them. Ultimately, they felt encouraged and came marching to Medina with the sole intention to assassinate Hazrat Usman.Hazrat Usman tried to clear their doubts with arguments and they lost their ground logically and were forced to return as they had no legitimate cause to rebel against Hazrat Usman.But they assembled again outside Medina and produced a fake letter of Usman in which it was stated that they should be punished by the governors of their provinces after their returning. Claiming this false charge they surrounded Hazrat Usman’s hou se and slain him brutally. After the assassination of Hazrat Usman, people were at the mercy of these rebels.The entire empire felt itself in the grip of anarchy. Hazrat Ali saw all these and was too much worried about the affairs of the community. He was approached by the same rebels to take the rein of the caliphate. He hesitated as he was fully aware that though those people insisted on their allegiance to him but they were basically against the very soul of Islam.They were introducing such a version of Islam which had nothing to do with the Islam he knew. But he was also requested by those sincere and age-old companions of the Holy Prophet who had selected his three predecessors. Therefore keeping the welfare of Islam above any consideration he accepted the responsibility of caliphate and was made the fourth rightful Caliph.Events which unfolded afterwards paved the way for the tow major division of Muslims which seems destined to remain unbridgeable till the last Day of Judgmen t. So it is clear that this difference of views was political in nature.But the early Muslims were so much religious that nothing could claim their attention except that which had some religious ground (Esposito, 2005). They were so much religiously charged that only religion could satisfy them. In this manner they were easily cheated by conspirators like Abdullah Ben Saba and his companions.It is noteworthy that there were a few sincere Muslims too who were of the opinion that Hazrat Ali had been the most deserving candidate of Islamic caliphate after the death of the Holy Prophet due to his relation and station in Islam.He was an important member of the household of the Prophet and was one of those few people who had embraced Islam in the very beginning. There were other grounds also which are not accepted by all sects of Islam such as his being protected from the possibility of committing any mistake, etc.Thus Shias came into existence and flourished. Later on they developed thei r ideology systematically. Now their ideas are very sophisticated and particularly their notions of ‘imamat’ are very complex. They hold the view that only those people who are completely protected from any potential sin deserve to be made Caliphs or Imams.Thus they believe that there are twelve Imams such as Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Hassan, Hazrat Hussein, etc. It is also noteworthy that all the Shias are not of the same view nor they follow only one ideology.   There are fissures and cleavages among them too and they are ripped apart in their ideology. But as a matter of fact they did not undergo any divisions during the imamate of the first three Imams: Ali, Hassan, and Hussein.But after the martyrdom of Hussein, the majority of the Shias accepted the imamate of Ali Ben Hussein al-Sajjad, while a minority known as the Kisaniyah believed that the third son of Ali, Muhammad bin Hanafiyah, was the fourth Imam as well as the promised Mehdi, and that he had gone into occultat ion in the Radwa mountains and one day would reappear.After the death of Imam al-Sajjad the majority of the Shias accepted his son, Muhammad al-Baqir as Imam while a minority followed Zayd al-Shahid, another son of Imam al-Sajjad, and became known as Zaydis.Following Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, the Shias accepted his son Ja'far al-Sadiq as Imam and after the death of Imam Ja'far the majority followed his son Imam Musa al-Kazim as the seventh Imam. However, one group followed the older son of the sixth Imam, Ismail, who had died while his father was still alive, and when this latter group separated from the majority of Shias it became known as Ismailia.Others accepted either ‘Abdullah al-Fatah or Muhammad, both sons of the sixth Imam.Finally, another party stopped with the sixth Imam himself and considered him as the last Imam. In the same way, after the martyrdom of Imam Musa al-Kazim the majority followed his son, Ali al-Rida, as the eighth Imam. However, some stopped with the se venth Imam and became known as the Waqifiyah.

Sports Activities And Its Impact On Society - 2493 Words

Physical activities are crucial to the all-encompassing advancement of youngsters, cultivating their physical, social and emotional wellbeing. The advantages of sports reach the effect on physical prosperity and the estimation of the educational advantages which lead to refining both academic performance and mental toughness of game ought not to be under-evaluated (Martin, 2005). Students in college these days are keen to take part in sports. They are sometimes ready to miss their important lessons to perform sports activities held in school or outside school and they may get treated in an illegal way. The NCAA [National Collegiate Athletic Association] considers claims that are related to academic dishonesty (Wolverton, 2015). In fact, the importance of sports is directly related to the wellbeing of the student both physically, academically, and mentally (Lumpkin, A., Stokowski, S., 2011). On the other hand, sports activities can affect the academics of students negatively. Plus, sports can affect students academically if he or she is not able to make the right choices in terms of his or her career. Sports and physical activities are extremely essential in the life of an individual irrespective of his/her age. Without any proper workout routine, a person cannot expect to stay fit and healthy both physically and mentally. In addition, to improve physical health, sports and exercising also play a vital role in youth advancement physically,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Status On Sports And Physical Activity1362 Words   |  6 Pagesand equality in sport and physical activity. The more common name it is called by is Figueroa’s Framework. The framework is constructed over five separate levels: individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural and cultural. All of these areas are used to explore the ways in which inequities challenge the area of sport and physical activity. They show the different functions that reinforce, create, remove and eliminate barriers and inequities within sport and physical activity. The individualRead MoreSports As A Fundamental Aspect Of American Culture Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe phrase â€Å"More than just a game† is used so often to describe the passion one has for a particular sport, that when you hear it, it may go in one ear and out the other. From the outside looking in, some may not vi ew sport as beneficial beyond exercise or pure entertainment purposes. To others, it provides significant incentives that last far longer than just the duration of your participation. Sports serves as a fundamental aspect of American culture and their values are significant when it comesRead MoreRole Of Sports In Society1130 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Sport in Society For many years, sports have played a huge role in many of our lives. They have been used for entertainment and many others would love to argue that fact and say that is their only use and have no other valuable lessons. Sports provide many things to us like Competition that sports like football, baseball, basketball, etc. require. They also teach many life lessons and values to younger generations who play sports. Participating in sports can teach kids Leadership, GoalRead MoreThe Effect Of Participation On Physical Activity Among High School Students1282 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals of today’s society, construct their personal ambitions and beliefs from both the current social system and popular beliefs. The purpose of this analytic essay is to critically evaluate the variation of participation trends in physical activity amongst high school students as well as identify how participation can be influenced. Furthermore, primary and collected secondary data will be compa red and contrasted to identify if the proposed hypothesis is supported. In conclusion of this essayRead MoreInequality Young People with Disabilities Experience in Leisure Activities1724 Words   |  7 Pagesbullying can impact leisure participation, along with sociology, which gives an insight into gendered leisure and social class. This essay will explore inequality and will be achieved by critically examining 5 young people with disabilities on a trip to The Melbourne Cup. By applying psychology and sociology disciplines to the hypothetical study can help explain the continued inequality young people with physical disabilities experience in current society when participating in leisure activities. TheRead MoreThe Positive Impact Of The Social Influence Of Sports1486 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time sport has had a great importance. It is good for health and fitness, it is great fun and pastime and is great for learning how to win and dealing with the loss. Many factors influence sports and activities and how and to what extent in which they are performed and the biggest influence is the social influence A positive impact from the societal influence of peers would be their ability to make you feel good, try harder and to participate in more things .At some pointRead MoreDetermining Women Athletes Identify As Influences On Their Participation1398 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipation in sports. The findings show that there are both obstacles and facilitators which influence their participation in sport. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, recommendations and environmental factors are facilitators to participation in sports while obstacles include financial constraints, time, and lack of social support. This chapter will provide conclusions and recommendations. Summary The study shows that athletes recognize more facilitators than obstacles to their participation in sports. ApartRead MoreThe Impact Of Sporting Activities On Sporting Events1394 Words   |  6 PagesSporting activities have had major impacts worldwide for quite some time. Within that period of time, various issues have emanated from such activities and had various influences. According to the article written and published by Jamal L. R. on 10th November 2015, racial discrimination on sporting events, as well as the dynamics of the race and sport from 1968 to 2008 is focused on. In his research, Jamal mainly uses content analysis on the happenings, which had major impact especially on the blacksRead MoreAnalysis Of A Miniature Lit 1742 Words   |  7 PagesJarvis Washington Miniature Lit Review Introduction Gender inequality in sport is a hot button issue in our society today. Women, for the most part, have been on the short end of the stick for centuries in reference to participation in sports. Way back in Ancient times, women were not even allowed to watch the Olympics games because they were deemed â€Å"ladylike†. Women slowly began to play sports beginning in the 1800s. Some notable events were the first all-women’s golf tournament in Scotland inRead MoreThe Is A Boy Or A Girl?1352 Words   |  6 Pagesour gender is introduced. Our society identify us either a boy or a girl. One way to identity our gender is by distinguishing certain characteristics such as our sex organ. Our society characterized our gender in certain roles and expectations as soon as we are born. For example, once a parent delivers a boy, the parents may dress the baby in blue and decorate the baby’s room with sports or animal cartoons. The color blue is believed to be a masculine color and sports scenery is portrayed to be tough

Young Goodman Brown Characters - 4483 Words

Young Goodman Brown: Characters Introduction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story by the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. The story made its first appearance in the New England Magazine for April 1835 and was collected in Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846. The story is set in the Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthornes works, and like most of the stories in Mosses, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† examines Hawthorne’s favorite themes: the loss of religious faith, presence of temptation, and social ills of Puritan communities. These themes, along with the story’s dark, surreal ending, make â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† one of the Hawthorne’s most popular short stories. In order to understand â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† we must, like the†¦show more content†¦Young Goodman Brown could also be compared to the first man, Adam, who was tempted by the devil to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge, and in this story we have Brown going into the whole forest, facing the whole forest. Like Adam in the book of Genesis, Goodman cannot help himself from wanting to know what lies behind the mystery of the forest. And like Eve, he is rewarded for his curiosity with the truth that changes his life for the worse. In the course of the ceremony, the Devil tells Brown and Faith that their eyes will now be opened to the wickedness of themselves and those around them. Adam and Eve were exiled from the Garden of Eden, and forced to undergo all the trials of being mortal, human, and Goodman Brown returns from the forest to find that the joy of life has been taken away from him. He has become suspicious of those around him, even the person clo sest to him, his wife Faith. From this we can see that â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† also functions as an allegory of the fall of a man, which is also one of the themes of this story. At the very beginning of the narrative, before setting out on his journey, Goodman Brown appears to be a very confident young man for he is innocent and inexperienced. Upon his return we are given the picture of a very changed man.Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Young Goodman Brown719 Words   |  3 PagesYoung Goodman Brown, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is the story of a young Christian mans struggle between good versus evil, and the loss of his innocence. All of us harbor a propensity for evil regardless of the mask that we put on for society. After meeting the devil in the woods one evening, Goodman Browns eyes are opened to the reality of the Puritan society in which he lives. Many of the people in attendance at the meeting were trustworthy, church-going individuals who turn out to be devilRead MoreThe Female Characters Of Young Goodman Brown1255 Words   |  6 Pagesquite frankly in real life-there is often a theme of the female characters being snubbed. It is rare to find a strong female character who is independent and treated equally. When such a character is found, it is generally a positive aspect of the text for readers, especially girls. It is extremely important that girls have positive and powerful role models in literature, and real life. Usually, an author who writes such character does this for the reason previously stated. Many would say this authorRead MoreCharacter Comparison of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and the â€Å"Lottery†967 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Comparison of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and the â€Å"Lottery† . Mathew Speakman English 102 Professor Katie Robinson July 15, 2012 Thesis Statement: In Nathaniel Hawthornes â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†, we are given a picture of seemingly normal people who are capable of incredible evil. Outline: Opening mood in both stories a. Goodman Browns sets out on a walk in the forest, but knows that evil awaits him. b. TheRead MoreSymbolism of Setting and Character Descriptions in Young Goodman Brown1879 Words   |  8 PagesEmily Bartlett Ms. Santi 1B PDP American Literature 7 December 2011 Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown, Nathanial Hawthorne utilizes the forest’s setting and character’s descriptions to show the symbolic meaning of each. The forest, each character and their actions all have specific meanings that are critical to the interpretation of the story. The story of Young Goodman Brown takes place in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, and the forest surrounding the town. Salem became famous for itsRead MoreHow Nature Can Be Seen Negatively Affecting The Characters Of `` Young Goodman Brown ``1257 Words   |  6 Pagesgorgeous thing that God created. Nature also has many symbolic and metaphorical references to real life objects, places, and people. However, in the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† nature can be seen negatively affecting the characters. The story has many scenes of despair and discomfort when the natural world affects the characters well being. Human nature also comes into effect in this story, with actions being decided on the nature of the human. From the Satan ceremony being one of the mostRead MoreCompairison of Young Goodman Brown and No Country For Old Men900 Words   |  4 PagesThe story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts a man whose inner desire is to experience the evil forbidde n forest, as well as retaining his image as a, â€Å"good and honest Christian.† This internal conflict is also portrayed in the movie No Country for Old Men, which was directed and written by the Coen brothers. In the movie the main character, Llewellyn Moss, is confronted with the moral dilemma of either keeping the drug money he found or calling the police. Although he morally makesRead MoreYoung Good Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne And Girl By Jamaica Kincaid1454 Words   |  6 Pagesreadings, Young Good Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid. Hawthorne’s writing is from the American Romanticism week and â€Å"Girl† is from the Post Colonialism week. From my understanding and interpretations, the two of these readings share common themes such as public perception, gender roles, for lack of a better word and trust but they have differing views of each theme. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown the story revolves around a man named Goodman Brown who has setRead MoreLiterary Analyzes Of Young Goodman Brown1746 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary analyzes of Young Goodman Brown Young goodman brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a story about a normal man that ventures into the forest to meet an old man who attempts to tempt him into going deeper into the woods to worship the devil. After the old man convinces him that everyone that he loves and respects is going to the devil’s ceremony he gives in. In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne effectively uses the personality and psychology of the Characters along with symbolism to portray the themeRead More Young Goodman Brown VS. Paul Essay1045 Words   |  5 Pages Young Goodman Brown vs. Paul nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After studying the short stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and Willa Cather’s â€Å"Paul’s Case†, I began to see many similarities within the two stories. Both of the main characters in each story have characteristics that could be looked at as being alike, but after analyzing each character I started to find that although alike in some aspects, these two characters are very different from one another. At first I noticedRead More Essay on The Value of Dreams in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown723 Words   |  3 Pages Young Goodman Brown:nbsp; The Value of Dreams Young Goodman Brownnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Birthmarknbsp; nbsp;Nathaniel Hawthornes stories Young Goodman Brown and The Birthmark both make use of dreams to affect the story and reveal the central characters. With each story, the dreams presented are extremely beneficial to the development of the story as they give the reader a new view of the plot itself, or the characters within. At the same time, however, it becomes difficult to determine

Symptoms And Treatment Of Skin Cancer - 1774 Words

Skin Cancer Research Paper Sarah Klein was once a teenager with psoriasis, skin build up that causes an itchy patch. Her primary doctor had recommended her to use ultraviolet rays as a solution, but little did they know that was going to cause her to have stage IV metastatic melanoma once she was older with a family. In the human body there are the processes of mitosis and apoptosis, the necessary functions the body needs for proper growth and development. But there are times when new cells grow at the wrong times and the old cells do not die at the right time, this begins to cluster the extra cells and creates a tumor. Tumors may be malignant, beginning the process of cancer. According to the Cancer Source Book, in the United States the most common cancer is skin cancer along with its subtypes of Melanoma, Squamous Carcinoma and Basal Carcinoma (Bellenir et al, 2007). Fortunately, these skin cancers can be localized, removed easily and rarely life threating. Skin cancer can have multiple causes that affects the skin. Day-to-day environment, genetic makeup, and age can all affect the intensity of the tumor in each individual. For cancer to fully develop there has to be multiple changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for one cell to create a cancer cell and form a tumor. Each person has their own genetic changes that may cause cancer to grow and spread faster or to move slowly and restrain the cancer cells from spreading. Simple freckles or pigmentedShow MoreRelatedSkin Cancer : Symptoms And Treatment1462 Words   |  6 Pages Skin Cancer Project Wong,KaYan. Li,Suzy. Chen,Xu 10/06/2015 Tuesday ^-^ Skin Cancer Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in our society. It also can be said that it is the abnormal growth of the skin cells. The Skin Cancer Foundation reports that one in every five Americans will experience skin cancer during their lifetime. Cancers are mostly caused by the overexposure of UV radiation that damages the human DNA which lead to DNA mutation. There are three types of skin cancer, squamousRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Skin Cancer1357 Words   |  6 Pagesincidence of non melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis (AK) has increased. The tumours are treated with the help of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and topical therapies to manage superficial carcinoma and actinic keratosis. This review briefs about skin physiology, non melanoma skin cancer, relationship between actinic keratosis(AK) and skin cancer, different drugs used in dermal preparations for management of actinic keratosis and novel approaches for targeting drugs to skin neoplasm and actini cRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Melanoma982 Words   |  4 Pagesmalignant (cancer) cells form in the skin cells called melanocytes (cells that give the skin color). It can also occur in the eye and is called intraocular or ocular melanoma; however it can happen anywhere on the body. It is the most dangerous of the common forms of skin cancer and oftens appears as a growing coloured skin spot, usually occuring in adults, but it is sometimes found in children and adolescents. The disease is more aggressive than basal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer. CAUSE:Read MoreMelanoma Skin Cancer Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pageslargest organ of the human body is your skin. It is your body’s first line of defense against infections, injuries, heat, and sunlight. It also helps in controlling the temperature of your body and getting rid of the excess water and salt by sweating it out. Skin cancer is also known as cancer of the sun. Excessive amounts of ultra violet lights affect your skin in negative ways, possibly leading to Melanoma skin cancer. Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer there is and can often times be fatalRead MoreThe System Of The Human Body1429 Words   |  6 Pagesin the function of the human body. The system is made up of the skin and skin derivatives such as hair, nails, glands and receptors and provides the body with a line of defence against foreign, infectious pathogens (Moore et al., 2013). The skin is the most vulnerable organ to injury and disease as it is an external organ and the largest organ of the body, contributing to approximately 15% of the body’s weight (Hackman, 2014). The skin also helps to maintain homeostasis in the body as well as containingRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Disease That Comes Unexpectedly Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer is a disease that comes unexpectedly; many people tend to overlook the symptoms. There are different types of breast cancers that require treatments and surgery. The course of treatment varies from patient to patient because there are many factors that can contribute to a patient’s treatment plan. Once the plan is in place, there are many things that will need to be done in order to ensure that the cancer will not return. Trying to beat cancer can be a long, extraneous, and in someRead More Skin Cancer Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesSkin Cancer Skin cancer is a disease that can affect any one. Skin cancer includes many types that can be classified as severe or superficial. Consequently, treatement of skin cancer depends on the degree of severity a person has. In the following paper, we will shed lights on the types of skin cancer and its causes. Finally, we will investigate how to treat the different types of cancer and how to avoid it. Skin cancer is a term used to describe cancer in skin tisssues. The skin is made ofRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Surgery Essay936 Words   |  4 Pages1990’s as something called the Isolate limb infusion (ILI) has now been given a much less invasive name called the Isolate Limb Perfusion (ILP). They differ from each other in that it is performed by going through the unbroken skin rather than doing it surgically. Another treatment option that has been used is called Cryotherapy. This type of therapy results in tumor antigen release through local trauma to the area and this results in having the potential to evoke an integral anti-melanoma immune responseRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On My Life1571 Words   |  7 PagesCancer. The dreaded word no one wants to hear. It brings us feeling of loss, hopelessness, pain, and anger. Almost everyone I know has been affected by cancer in one way or another, whether it being losing someone to it, suffering from, or overcomin g. We see it all over television, social media, newspapers when they think they’ve found another treatment, they’re a little closer to what they think might be the cure, or someone we know has won or lost their battle. It does not discriminate who it affectsRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cancer1403 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Although it can occur in both men and women, it is very rare in men. An individual’s breast has many components. It contains glands, ducts and breast tissue that contains fat, connective tissue, lymph nodes and blood vessels. The most common type of breast cancer in the U.S. is ducts carcinoma. This type of cancer begins within the cells of the ducts, but it can also begin in the cells of the lobules and other tissues

Financial Statements Of Accounts Prepared †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Statements Of Accounts Prepared? Answer: Introducation Audit is an independent examination of the financial statements and books of accounts prepared by the management by the auditors of the company to check whether the financials are showing correct and unbiased view of the state of affairs and to express their opinion thereof. Audit is generally conducted using the substantive and analytical procedures. Substantive audit procedures are of great relevance in ascertaining whether all the audit procedures an d cares and check have been applied consistently and thoroughly while preparing the books of accounts and preparation of financial summary. It generally includes vouching of incomes and expenses and verification of assets and liabilities. But when these 2 measures are not sufficient and does not gives the confidence on the arithmetical accuracy of the books of accounts then the auditor has to switch to analytical procedures which includes ratio analysis, trend analysis, variance analysis and a study of fluctuation in the numbers based on the past financial statements. For this, generally the data points include the past years financial data, the industry trend and average, the budgeted numbers and the forecasted numbers. IN case of DIPL limited, the auditors have also changed as compared to the last year, so substantive procedures would not be enough the new auditors would have to resort to the analytical audit procedures to gain the confidence on the transparency of the accounts prepared and the verification of the opening balances of the client. If post all this comparison, we would come to know that still the decision cannot be taken whether the books are to materially misstated, then the auditors would have to increase their scope of check and would have to apply further analytical procedures keeping into consideration the maintenance of the internal financial control in the company by the management. If the internal financial controls are adequate, less is the amount of risk, less will be the deviation of the actual from the standard and hence, less is the extent of checking reqd., however, in the other case, weak the leave of internal control maintained by DIPL, the more is the level of analytical procedures to be applied. Further, the management needs to answer all the queries raised b the new auditors in case of any clarifications. There are various ways in which the auditor can use these analytical procedures for ascertaining the credit viability of the company. The examination of the financial statements of previous year can be done, by derivation important key financial ratios that help the auditor in forming an opinion on the financial viability of the company. In addition, comparison with the set industry standards can be done accordingly, by trend analysis and making forecasts and budgeting. If the auditor finds from any deviation from the expected standards then he needs to find the reason of the same and approach the management to comment on the same. These are few basic tools of analytical analysis, that can help the auditor in making a statement (Bae 2017). In the given case study, financial information of past years from the books of account of the company is given. Data can be taken from the same to calculate important ratios, industry data is not available so it will be difficult to comment on the standing of the company, with respect to specific industry qualifications and provisions. The analytical procedures applied here would be reflected by means of the below mentioned table. Al l the data has been collected from the books of account of the company and an opinion on the same is given by making use of specific tools, as depicted hereunder- There are various types of risks that are associated in audit of an organisation, that might affect the standing of the auditor and prevent them from forming an opinion on the financial statements of the company. The three types of risks are Inherent risk, control risks and ejection risks. Inherent risk is the major type of risk that occurs in situations that are not in control of the management. Control risks are the type of risk in which there is risk of lack of proper internal control o part of the management. In addition, detection risks occur when the auditor fails to notice an error that can be easily identifiable. In the given case of DIPL, there are certain inherent risks that are to be identified by the auditor. The auditor must also take measures to ensure mitigation of the risks. (Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016) Risk of material misstatement The company faces an inherent risk of non routine transactions and adopting new changes in the statement. The main reason that is a risk on part of the auditor to comment on the financial viability of the company, because the IT system which the company is installing is entirely new. The IT system is a deviation from routine matters, there is no standard basis with which the auditor can compare its effectiveness. The system is installed under acute pressure from the management without any reconciliation between the pre operating activities and the results there of. These factors behind the installation of the new IT system, makes it probable to consist of certain risk that is not in the hands of the management and the auditor. Also the management has failed to ascertain effective control in maintenance of the same, thus the risk chances increases because of lack of proper internal control facilities (Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017). The risk of material misstatement encompasses the fact that it is possible that the management might have failed to include all material facts in the financial statements accurately. The main reason behind the same might be the presence of inherent risks and control risks in the operations that have prevented the auditor from forming a correct opinion on the financial statements. In the given case, if the company fails to properly reconcile all the operations with respect to the new IT system there is high chances that there might be misstatement in the financial statements of the company. This may be reflected in the overvaluation or the undervaluation of the system. There may be chances of default in the revenue system also because of the same. 2) The second type of inherent risk may be associated with the changes in the accounting policies and assumptions of the company by the board of directors. The main reason behind the same is that it is stated in the reports of the management that the management is considering change in the accounting policies and estimates. Proposals have been given on not using the average cost for the valuation of the inventory and new cost methods should be implied. Also the management is considering changes in the method of calculation of depreciation and reporting on the same. Only based on the experience of the board members the company is considering changing the method of depreciation and assuming the life of the asset to be 30 years, even though as per the industry specifications the life must be 20 years (DeZoort Harrison 2016). This will be lead to material misstatement because the management is changing the policies and maki9ng assumptions without any proper research and consideration and that may affect the financial position of the company. The auditor will have problem in ascertaining the viability of the books of account in chances of change of accounting policies and estimates. Proper disclosure is to be given by the management to make sure all the changes are properly recorded and stated. Fraud can occur in the preparation of the financial statements and the main work of the auditor is to identify such fraud risk factors and to eliminate the same. In the books of account of DIPL and the statement presented by the company, many lead two fraud risk factors to falsification of the books of account. Approach of the auditor 1) The major fraud risk factor is that there is no proper segregation of duties in major areas and one person is given all the responsibility. It is one of the major reasons that may lead to fraud because one person has got access to all the important areas. In case of DIPL, the clerk is given important work related to invoice preparation and its presentation and also authorises the same for payment. There is only level of check there in the form of the accounts receivable clerk who checks the mathematical accuracy of the invoices and makes the payment. In case of cash related activities, the e receipts are downloaded, verified and authorised by a single person, and then reconciliation of the statements is also done by the same person. Thus we see that there is little or no control, because even if the person does any fraud in the account, it will be hard for the auditor and the management to identify the same. To prevent such fraud risk factors, the auditor must ask the management to ensure proper segregation of work. There must be clear check points, so that any entry, any amount passes through at least two check points, before being finalised. The auditor in case he ascertains that any fraud has occur can bring up the matter directly to the management and can ask the management to change the present position of the person at fault, so that proper observations may be drawn in lack of any manipulation from the defaulted party (Knechel Salterio 2016). 2) The second area of fraud in case of DIPL, can be the implementation of the new It system without any proper reconciliation. It is possible that personal motives of the directors may be involved in the same. There are chances of fraud because the system was installed without proper reconciliation and checking, and also there are no proper parameters in which the auditor can compare its efficiency and verification. It may be possible that the management had certain personal gains involved in the same, and the management wanted to do it in haste so that they can avoid any discrepancies that may arise if proper reconciliation is done. (Fay Negangard 2017) The auditor should make sure that all the details regarding the new system are derived from the management. Proper scrutiny of the books of accounts and third party check must be done, to ensure its effectiveness and verify its credibility. The reasons of haste must be justified and the auditor must ask the management to conduct important reconciliation and provide the report as soon a possible. These are the few ways in which the auditor can mitigate the fraud factor form the books of accounts of the company. (Grenier 2017) References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.

University Market Essay Example For Students

University Market Essay There is a problem because Kathy Kelleher, manager of Bentleys wanted to keepthe market open to everyone. But everything seemed to be targeted toward thestudent and faculty at the University of Arizona. What is the critical question?The critical question is if she wanted to provide a facility that would appealto all why is Kathy Kelleher putting so much effort into exposing the Universitymarket to Bentleys. This is the basis for the problem because Kelleher hadneglected to offer specials or other promotional items to attract people otherthan the university crowd. What are the critical factors? 1) Pleased to see manystudents seated throughout the restaurant due to a current advertisement in thelocal newspaper. 2) Promoted a University of Arizona student/faculty dinner for$5.95 from 4:00 to 6:00 daily. 3) Students dismissed Bentleys in the pastbecause it was out of their price range. 4) Kelleher wanted everyone to feelcomfortable in her establishment, and thought it was time to expose theuniversity market to the restaurant. 5) The overall sales mix was 80 percentfood and 20 percent alcoholic beverages. 6) Kelleher made her mission statementvery clear. We offer a little bit of everything for everyone. The last thingI want to do is limit the market to one particular group. 7) Kelleher decidedto offer two separate menus beginning in August of 1988. 8) The dinner checkaverage was $17.00 including beverages. 9) Front-of the house employees wereunhappy because they had to serve more customers to make the same amount ofmoney. 10) The chef and cooks were less enthusiastic since they considered thelower price additions to the dinner menu to be incompatible with the overallconcept and not worthy of their attention. 11) Lunch service was discontinued onweekdays in early 1989 after covers plummeted by 75%. 12) Management blamed thedecrease on the construction on a former parking lot, which had previously beenused by the restaurant guests. 13) Lunch customers were unable to p ark and wentelsewhere. 14) Kelleher eliminated significant overhead by closing during theday. 15) Averaged 100 covers Monday to Wednesday. Averaged 125 covers Thursdayand Friday Averaged 200 covers Saturday and Sunday. Averaged 300 covers forSunday brunch. 16) Management attempted to fill the slow periods by offeringdinner for two for $11.95 on Monday. 17) Advertising was directed towarddifferent markets during different seasons. 18) Tucson television channel 13 hasawarded the establishment with 4 stars. 19) Kelleher spent a lot of timevisiting competitors in order to identify new ideas and trends to implement ather restaurant. 20) Comment cards were distributed as a means of monitoring theBentleys experience and comparing it to the competition. 21) As an incentiveto complete the comment card a random drawing awarded a complimentary Sundaybrunch for two. 22) Results from the comment cards rated the menu and servicevery high. 23) Customers requested less expensive menu items. 24) Spe nds aconsiderable amount of money on a large arrangement of flowers for theentranceway and fresh flowers for each table. The flowers confused customerssince they assumed that the restaurant was out of their price range. 25)Originally initiated the cut-rate specials as a means of reaching the pricesensitive market. 26) First time customers were surprised they could affordBentleys if they timed it correctly. The conditions for solution 1) If theyinvest in a parking lot then they would attract more lunch customers. 2) If theyadvertised their outside bar to the surrounding businesses then they couldattract people after work for a drink at the end of the day. 3) If Kelleheroffered $5.95 specials to all customers during off peak times then they wouldattract more people outside the university. 4) If they invested in artificialflowers they would have money to put somewhere else. She could increase wagesfor the angry workers that have to work twice as hard. 5) If she is reallytrying to attra ct tourists then she could offer a discount for persons who showan out of state ID card. 6) If she chose a particular market to target thenthere would more likely be a higher rate of success. 7) If they continue tooffer specials then they will more likely develop an ongoing relationship withcustomers. 8) If they continue to have good food and service then people willrefer their friends and family. 9) If Bentleys had a new concept with lightmeals, relatively low prices, good service and informal atmosphere then studentswould be more likely to go there. Situation analysis Strengths a) received afour star rating b) Corporation opened several establishments in the southwestregion and offered high quality at a good value. c) Offered on and off premisecatering. d) Bentleys was located in the historic part of town. This is howthey can attract tourist. e) Committed to aggressive promotion to keep thepublic talking (offering a $5.95 special to students/faculty). f) Comment cardsrated the men u and service very high. g) Gave the customer a choice ofcustomizing their own menu for parties of twenty or more. h) The only 70 seatoutdoor patio in the area where you could just order drinks. Weaknesses a)Lowering prices to get the student and faculty to come in and dine during offpeak time. b) Not having enough parking for lunch customers and discontinuinglunch service on weekdays. c) Specials were limited to certain entres. .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .postImageUrl , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:hover , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:visited , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:active { border:0!important; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:active , .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3 .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u37b3c9c0dda88515671bacb353ffa7b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: David Letterman Essay We will write a custom essay on University Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Opportunities a) As an incentive for customers to fill out comment cards theyselected one from a random drawing for a free brunch. b) By opening the onlyoutdoor patio with a bar in town she is allowing the people to stop by just fora drink without the obligation of ordering food. Lots of people would like tostop in for a drink this would attract a whole new crowd. c) By lowering theprices they could attract more people who eat at McDonalds by giving moreaffordable prices. Threats a) Not having enough parking will force people to gosomewhere else. b) Having a formal dcor like this restaurant has may make someinformal customers feel uncomfortable. Even though they say this is a casualplace. c) Competition, if they can not provide what the customer wants they willgo elsewhere. d) Offering too low prices could attract more customers but itmight give a negative result. Assumptions a) I assume fresh flower arrangementscost a lot and if Kelleher got rid of them she would be able to lower pr ices foreveryone. She would more likely attract more customers from the universitybecause the touches of flowers give a formal atmosphere rather than an informalone. b) I assume investing in a parking lot will attract more customers becausethey wouldnt have to search for a parking space. I assume this will alsoallow them to reopen for lunch. c) I assume that if they dont invest in aparking lot they will lose more customers during the hours between 4:00 to6:00pm when people are still at work and parking spaces are not available. d) Iassume that if Kelleher keeps her customers happy they will return and alsorefer friends and family. Conclusion In conclusion I see that Kelleher need tofocus on one particular market. You can please most of the people most of thetime but you cant please all of the people all of the time. If she cut outthe flower arrangements which makes people think this is a formal environmentmore students would come in and dine because they are looking for somethingcas ual. Basically Kelleher needs to give the students what they want for a pricethat they can afford or they will take their business elsewhere. By offeringlower prices she will be able to bring in more of the university populationwhich will result in compensation for lower check averages. Marketing